Vein Complications

One of the most serious risks associated with CVI is the development of blood clots, particularly in the deeper veins, a condition known as deep vein thrombosis (DVT). Clots can cause pain and swelling and, in some cases, may break free and travel to the lungs, leading to a life-threatening pulmonary embolism. In addition to DVT, patients may experience superficial vein thrombosis (SVT). This occurs when a clot forms in a vein close to the surface of the skin, often accompanied by localized pain, redness, and warmth. While typically less dangerous than DVT, SVT can worsen and recur without proper evaluation and treatment.

Patients with CVI are at increased risk for superficial thrombophlebitis, which involves clot formation and inflammation in the superficial veins just beneath the skin. Although typically less dangerous than deep clots, this condition can still be painful and may progress if left untreated. Long-standing venous insufficiency also causes permanent skin changes. These include thickening, dark discoloration, and a leathery texture caused by chronic inflammation and poor oxygen delivery to the tissues. Over time, the skin may become more fragile and prone to injury.

Another common and concerning complication is recurrent leg infections, particularly cellulitis. The combination of stagnant fluid and impaired skin integrity makes the lower legs vulnerable to bacterial invasion. These infections can become severe, requiring antibiotics or even hospitalization. Perhaps the most debilitating consequence of CVI is the development of venous ulcers, open, often painful wounds that form around the ankles. These ulcers are slow to heal due to poor blood flow and are prone to infection, sometimes persisting for months or even years.

Another often overlooked but serious complication of chronic venous insufficiency is spontaneous bleeding from varicose veins near the surface of the skin. Over time, these veins can become engorged and fragile due to constant pressure and stretching. Even minor trauma such as scratching the skin, shaving, or bumping the leg—can cause a vein to rupture and lead to sudden, heavy bleeding. In some cases, bleeding may occur without any noticeable injury, especially if the skin has thinned due to chronic inflammation or ulceration. Because the pressure in these veins is elevated, the bleeding can be difficult to stop and may require immediate medical attention. This complication underscores the importance of early treatment and protective measures for patients with advanced venous disease.